Discussions of how hormones influence behavior have generally been limited to the effects of gonadal hormones on reproductive behavior and have emphasized the parsimonious arrangement whereby the same hormones involved in the biology of reproduction also influence sexual behavior. It has now become clear, however, that other hormones, in addition to their recognized influence on biological functions, can affect behavior. Specifically, peptide and steroid hormones involved in maintaining the physiological balance, or homeostasis, of body fluids also appear to play an important role in the control of water and salt consumption. The phenomenon of homeostasis in animals depends on various mechanisms that promote stability within the organism despite an inconstant external environment; the homeostasis of body fluids, whereby the osmolality (the concentration of solutes) of blood plasma is closely regulated, is achieved primarily through alterations in the intake and excretion of water and sodium, the two principal components of the fluid matrix that surrounds body cells. Appropriate compensatory responses are initiated when deviations from normal are quite small, thereby maintaining plasma osmolality within relatively narrow ranges. In the osmoregulation of body fluids, the movement of water across cell membranes permits minor fluctuations in the concentration of solutes in extracellular fluid to be buffered by corresponding changes in the relatively larger volume of cellular water. Nevertheless, the concentration of solutes in extracellular fluid may at times become elevated or reduced by more than the allowed tolerances of one or two percent. It is then that complementary physiological and behavioral responses come into play to restore plasma osmolality to normal. Thus, for example, a decrease in plasma osmolality, such as that which occurs after the consumption of water in excess of need, leads to the excretion of surplus body water in the urine by inhibiting secretion from the pituitary gland of vasopressin, a peptide hormone that promotes water conservation in the kidneys. As might be expected, thirst also is inhibited then, to prevent further dilution of body fluids. Conversely, an increase in plasma osmolality, such as that which occurs after one eats salty foods or after body water evaporates without being replaced, stimulates the release of vasopressin, increasing the conservation of water and the excretion of solutes in urine. This process is accompanied by increased thirst, with the result of making plasma osmolality more dilute through the consumption of water. The threshold for thirst appears to be slightly higher than for vasopressin secretion, so that thirst is stimulated only after vasopressin has been released in amounts sufficient to produce maximal water retention by the kidneys—that is, only after osmotic dehydration exceeds the capacity of the animal to deal with it physiologically. Which one of the following best states the main idea of the passage? (A) Both the solute concentration and the volume of an animal's blood plasma must be kept within relatively narrow ranges. (B) Behavioral responses to changes in an animal's blood plasma can compensate for physiological malfunction, allowing the body to avoid dehydration. (C) The effect of hormones on animal behavior and physiology has only recently been discovered. (D) Behavioral and physiological responses to major changes in osmolality of an animal's blood plasma are hormonally influenced and complement one another. (E) The mechanisms regulating reproduction are similar to those that regulate thirst and sodium appetite. 想请张慧雯老师帮忙解答！ 老师，这篇文章我觉得读不懂正常，读的懂才不正常。 虽然文章满篇的各种生物专业名词，各种什么生物现象的描述，但是如果只抓主旨，文章又变得很简单。因此想确认下自己读的是不是对的，因为自己选错了。 阅读过程： 第一段： ·对于荷尔蒙如何影响行为的讨论通常局限于g荷尔蒙对生殖行为的影响并且强调了一个p安排（看不懂，逻辑属于并列不用管） ·然而，（重点关注转折），现在这一点非常清楚：其他的荷尔蒙，除了这些荷尔蒙对其他生物功能的影响外，也会影响行为 就是现在了解到存在其他的荷尔蒙影响生物功能也影响行为 ·后面specifically，太明显的细化逻辑词汇，我尝试读了下：参与到维持生理平衡的p和s荷尔蒙似乎有什么重要的作用... 读到这我再次确认主旨就是在说荷尔蒙如何影响生理如何影响行为 ·the phenomenon of h不用看了，全是细节 第一段完 第二段： 在身体液体的o里，水的流动允许什么 这个视角太细了。跳到第二句，然而，e液体的浓度升高。 OK不用看了，段间关系已经出来，第二段整体仍然属于第一段的细节，主旨仍然没有变化。 第二段后面通过扫读，什么po的下降，相反，po的上升，讲了一堆我看不懂的东西。 全是细节跳过 因此文章主旨就是最近很清楚的是：存在一些其他的荷尔蒙，除了影响生理功能外还会影响行为 最后选了C选项：荷尔蒙对动物行为和生理的影响最近被发现 答案是D：对动物血液p内O的主要变化做出的生理和行为反应都是受到荷尔蒙上的影响并且彼此弥补 因为D说了一些特别细的东西什么动物血液P+complement one another，我又根本没读明白文章，就将D排除了。 是否我在读主旨存在问题，少读了一些东西。

麻烦老师帮我看看我哪里做错了

我选了B 作者认为BC没有提到这个决策的深远影响，我想不明白C。请张慧雯老师帮我解答。谢谢

我选了E，我认为第二段说了一些不一致的地方的解释，最后说还是支持这个模型的。请张慧雯老师帮我解答一下，谢谢

老师你好， 【1】麻烦先看一下我的思路对不对，这道题我定位很明确直接到25行，文章指出了是dramatic growth，因此先排除A、B。在C、D、E中C选项原文没有说所以也排出。我就是很迷惑D和E。麻烦老师解答一下。我知道答案后仔细看，发现说的是travel industry 而不是 service industry所以排除D不知道对不对。【2】还有一个问题就是：在细节定位找到后，主要就是读句子的能力同文章主旨和脉络没有太大关系，这样想对吗？ 谢谢老师。

B选项不是应该要用will，而非would吧！？

我觉得c和e排除不是老师们说的not only和and不能一起用，我觉得是可以一起用，比如not only A and B，but also C 没毛病啊，错误的原因在于这个结构用在递进关系上，不是用在转折语意上，但是语意很明显的转折，所以排除掉这个结构。对吗？

这道题C的排除点不能理解，Tina老师说为了避免混淆，如果要跟strengthen并列，需要用to?我觉得用单数也不会混淆啊，这个理由实在理解不了，如果仅靠感觉上对称，应该B比C更好。这种感觉上会不会每个人感觉是不同的，这样的考试真头疼，没有所谓正确答案的考试…语法每次模拟必错7道左右…其他的加起来也就错6道吧

在B和C之间纠结，觉得B，C说的差不多，B是尽可能准确地提供S的事情，C是准确代表了S的家庭构成，都体现了时间上的精确性，不知道两个选项之间怎么选择。

我觉得D选项的意思是宣布了计划是为了cut，E是宣布了计划，这些计划的内容是要去cut，E的语义感觉会更合理。